Arizona Black Rattlesnake

This little (approximately 18inches long) rattlesnake was hiding in the raspberry bushes along the top of the Mogollon Rim last weekend. It rattled when we got close to warn us away. This is a subspecies of the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridus subspecies cerberus) They tend to occur at relatively high elevations (this one was at about 7500feet above sea level). Some people think that the black color is an adaptation to high altitude that allows the snake to absorb more heat from the sun, although the leaf/needle litter in their habitat also tends to be quite dark. The dark color may serve as good camouflage as well as helping the snake warm up after cool mountain nights. Most rattlesnakes will assume a defensive position such as this, and usually will not strike unless a person or animal steps on them or persists in approaching within striking distance or tries to handle or contact the snake. This snake rattled a little to warn us and retreated into the raspberry patch. Venomous snakes  in the wild should be left alone to fill their place in the ecosystem and to avoid injury. See my previous post for information on first aid and treatment of rattlesnake bites.

Life and Death in the winter snow.

I noticed feathers falling past my front window this afternoon and looked outside to find this Sharp-Shinned Hawk eating a small bird in the Ponderosa Pine tree in the front yard. The temperature outside was 13 degrees Fahrenheit. A small bird needs to consume a lot of calories to survive in these temperatures.

The sad case of Macho B

 AZ Game and Fish

This story has received quite a bit of attention in Arizona over the last year or two, (here, here, here and here are some examples in chronological order, also here) but may not be that well known outside Arizona. There is also a veterinary issue I would like to address that has not really been mentioned yet but that relates to this case and potentially many others. There are also some political issues that relate to large wildlife migration and border issues (fences, patrols, and other human activity), but may relate to the motivations of some of those involved. Political resistance to consideration of endangered species use of borderlands and impacts of things such as security fences on endangered species may have contributed to bypassing federal regulations in this case.

In summary, Macho B, an older adult male Jaguar was known to be living in an area of southern Arizona, and was "inadvertently" trapped Feb. 18th, 2009, and collared as part of an ongoing study of bears and mountain lions. 12 days later data from the collar showed that Macho B was not moving as much as he should be, and he was recaptured and taken to the Phoenix Zoo for evaluation. Blood tests done at that time suggested kidney failure (elevated BUN and Creatinine) and the Jaguar was euthanitzed that day.  Pathology results from necropsy indicated that he may have been suffering from fairly severe dehydration rather than renal failure, and the decision to euthanize may have been precipitous and premature. Later investigations showed that the initial capture was not accidental, as several people knew that female jaguar scat had been placed at several snares to attract Macho B. This was done without the proper permits from or knowledge of federal or state wildlife agencies. Since then, one state game and fish officer has been fired, last week Emil McCain, the biologist from the Borderlands Jaguar Detection Project plead guilty to intentionally trapping the Jaguar in violation of the Endangered Species Act, and charges have been filed against another technician. It also appears that Emil McCain has been involved in several other capture related jaguar deaths in Mexico and Central America, which raises questions as to his competence in anesthetizing big cats.

The veterinary related issue I would like to address is the way many biologists and some veterinarians are trained to immobilize wild animals, and a problem which seems to be more severe, if not unique to the United States and/or the Americas, which is the lack of utilization of veterinarians when wildlife is anesthetized, and possibly a general lack of cooperation between wildlife biologists and veterinarians. While practices vary from state to state (some state wildlife agencies have veterinarians on staff while others do not, and someone working on a research project may work for a university, or various state or federal agencies that have varying policies and availability of personnel) it seems to be very common for wild animals to be anesthetized without direct veterinary supervision by people of varying training, experience and competence. Anesthesia always carries a risk, and anesthetizing a wild animal where exact weight and health status are unknown increases the risk of adverse effects. Sometimes this risk is justifiable-for example, wildlife may wander densely populated areas where they could pose a danger to people or are in danger themselves, and game wardens may need to immobilize an animal and move it in a hurry. On the other hand, planned captures for scientific studies or preplanned management activities do not justify the same level of risk to the animals. In Macho B's case, the people involved were already ignoring regulations and will pay the price, but there are fairly frequent cases of animals dying  during immobilization. While "bad reactions" can happen, true allergic or other adverse reactions to anesthetic drugs are actually fairly rare, and saying an animal had a bad reaction may be due to human error such as an error in dose, or failure to recognize common problems such as low blood pressure, respiratory arrest, dehydration, and hyper or hypothermia. While a biologist is certainly capable of learning and practicing wildlife anesthesia, and veterinarians certainly can make the same mistakes, calculating doses and recognizing and dealing with complications benefit from both double checking and practice. Training programs for animal control, wildlife managers and biologists are often very short, and may not involve any supervised practical experience after the training session. In contrast, veterinary students spend many more hours learning relevant physiology and pharmacology, usually a couple of weeks of classroom instruction specifically relating to anesthesia, and usually several weeks at least of supervised practice on living, client owned animals in veterinary teaching hospitals. Veterinary anesthesiologists spend another 3-4 years to become board certified specialists. While a weekend course might be acceptable for animal control officers and game wardens who are only going to use chemical immobilization as a last resort in emergency-type situations, more training and some level of competence should be expected when animals are immobilized or anesthetized for less urgent reasons.

The other aspect of this topic that may relate to attitudes and problems in cooperation is the relationship between basic scientists (wildlife biologists, etc) and veterinarians at some universities seems to be slightly strained. While I was in veterinary school, there seemed to be an attitude that anyone with only a PhD was not qualified to teach veterinary students anything, and conversely veterinary instructors did not want to teach students outside the veterinary program. I have also seen biologists at other universities who seemed not to recognize or even resent the contributions veterinarians could make to their research. I have no idea how widespread this type of attitude is, but I suspect it may contribute to problems with immobilizing and anesthetizing wildlife. In Macho B's case, the initial capture was unfortunately carried out illegally and inappropriately.  It lead to a series of events that probably also included veterinary errors that resulted in the animal's premature death. Perhaps better cooperation between veterinarians and wildlife biologists could help to prevent unfortunate outcomes in the future.